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the tracks of the little deer from plants of the gods - their sacred, healing and hallucinogenic powers by richard evans schultes and albert hoffman healing arts press (vermont) 1992 ever since the arrival of the first europeans in the new world, peyote has provoked controversy, suppression, and persecution. condemned by the spanish conquerors for its "satanic trickery", and attacked more recently by local governments and religious groups, the plant has nevertheless continued to play a major sacramental role among the indians of mexico, while its use has spread to the north american tribes in the last hundred years. the persistence and growth of the peyote cult constitute a fascinating chapter in the history of the new world - and a challenge to the anthropologists and psychologists, botanists and pharmacologists who continue to study the plant and its constituents in connection with human affairs. we might logically call this woolly mexican cactus the prototype of the new world hallucinogens. it was one of the first to be discovered by europeans and was unquestionably the most spectacular vision-inducing plant encountered by the spanish conquerors. they found peyote firmly established in native religions, and their efforts to stamp out this practice drove it into hiding in the hills, where its sacramental use has persisted to the present time. how old is the peyote cult? an early spanish chronicler, fray bernardino de sahagún, estimated on the basis of several historical events recorded in indian chronology that peyote was known to the chichimeca and toltec at least 1890 years before the arrival of the europeans. this calculation would give the "divine plant" of mexico an economic history extending over a period of some two millennia. then carl lumholtz, the danish ethnologist who did pioneer work among the indians of chihuahua, suggested that the peyote cult is far older. he showed that a symbol employed in the tarahumara indian peyote ceremony appeared in ancient ritualistic carvings preserved in mesoamerican lava rocks. more recently, archaeological discoveries in dry caves and rock shelters in texas have yielded specimens of peyote. these specimens, found in a context suggesting ceremonial use, indicate that its use is more than three thousand years old. the earliest european records concerning this sacred cactus are those of sahagún, who lived from 1499 to 1590 and who dedicated most of his adult life to the indians of mexico. his precious, first-hand observations were not published until the nineteenth century. consequently, credit for the earliest published account must go to juan cardenas, whose observations on the marvelous secrets of the indies were published as early as 1591. sahagún's writings are among the most important of all the early chroniclers. he described peyote use among the chichimeca, of the primitive desert plateau of the north, recording for posterity: "there is another herb like tunas [opuntia spp.] of the earth. it is called peiotl. it is white. it is found in the north country. those who eat or drink it see visions either frightful or laughable. this intoxication lasts two or three days and then ceases. it is a common food of the chichimeca, for it sustains them and gives them courage to fight and not feel fear nor hunger nor thirst. and they say that it protects them from all danger." it is not known whether or not the chichimeca were the first indians to discover the psychoactive properties of peyote. some students believe that the tarahumara indians, living where peyote abounded, were the first to discover its use and that it spread from them to the cora, the huichol, and other tribes. since the plant grows in many scattered localities in mexico, it seems probable that its intoxicating properties were independently discovered by a number of tribes. several seventeenth-century spanish jesuits testified that the mexican indians used peyote medicinally and ceremonially for many ills and that when intoxicated with the cactus they saw "horrible visions". padre andréa pérez de ribas, a seventeenth-century jesuit who spent sixteen years in sinaloa, reported that peyote was usually drunk but that its use, even medicinally, was forbidden and punished, since it was connected with "heathen rituals and superstitions" to contact evil spirits through "diabolic fantasies". the first full description of the living cactus was offered by dr francisco hernández, who as personal physician of king philip ii of spain was sent to study aztec medicine. in his ethnobotanical study of new spain, dr hernández described "peyotl", as the plant was called in the nahuatl language of the aztecs: "the root is of nearly medium size, sending forth no branches or leaves above the ground, but with a certain woolliness adhering to it on account of which it could not aptly be figured by me. both men and women are said to be harmed by it. it appears to be of a sweetish taste and moderately hot. ground up and applied to painful joints, it is said to give relief. wonderful properties are attributed to this root, if any faith can be given to what is commonly said among them on this point. it causes those devouring it to be able to foresee and to predict things…." in the latter part of the seventeenth century, a spanish missionary in nayarit recorded the earliest account of a peyote ritual. of the cora tribe, he reported: "close to the musician was seated the leader of the singing, whose business it was to mark time. each had his assistants to take his place when he should become fatigued. nearby was place a tray filled with peyote, which is a diabolical root that is ground up and drunk by them so that they may not become weakened by the exhausting effects of so long a function, which they begin by forming as large a circle of men and women as could occupy the space that had been swept off for this purpose. one after the other, they went dancing in a ring or marking time with their feet, keeping in the middle the musician and choir-master whom they invited, and singing in the same unmusical tune that he set them. they would dance all night, from five o'clock in the evening to seven o'clock in the morning, without stopping nor leaving the circle. when the dance was ended, all stood who could hold themselves on their feet; for the majority, from the peyote and wine which they drank, were unable to utilize their legs." the ceremony among the cora, huichol, and tarahumara indians has probably challenged little in content over the centuries; it still consists, in great part, of dancing. the modern huichol peyote ritual is the closest to the pre-colonial mexican ceremonies. sahagún's description of the teochichimeca ritual could very well be a description of the contemporary huichol ceremony, for these indians still assemble together in the desert 300 miles northeast of their homeland in the sierra madre mountains of western mexico, still sing all night, all day, still weep exceedingly, and still so esteem peyote above any other psychotropic plant that the sacred mushrooms, morning glories, "datura", and other indigenous hallucinogens are consigned to the realm of sorcerers. most of the early records in mexico were left by missionaries who opposed the use of peyote in religious practice. to them peyote had no place in christianity because of its pagan associations. since the spanish ecclesiastes were intolerant of any cult but their own, fierce persecution resulted. but the indians were reluctant to give up their peyote cults established on centuries of tradition. the suppression of peyote, however, went to great lengths. for example, a priest near san antonio, texas, published a manual in 1760, containing questions to be asked of converts. included were the following: "have you eaten the flesh of man? have you eaten peyote?" another priest, padre nidolas de leon, similarly examined potential converts: "art thou a soothsayer? dost thou foretell events by reading om

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Domain Name: PEYOTE.ORG
Registry Domain ID: D10737804-LROR
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.godaddy.com
Registrar URL: http://www.godaddy.com
Updated Date: 2017-05-06T21:58:16Z
Creation Date: 1999-09-27T14:27:56Z
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  REGISTRAR Public Interest Registry

SERVERS

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  ARGS peyote.org

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DOMAIN

  NAME peyote.org

  HANDLE D10737804-LROR

  CREATED 1999-09-27

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NSERVER

  NS3.BLTC.NET 52.44.246.5

  NS4.BLTC.NET 52.44.246.5

OWNER

  HANDLE C76272415-LROR

  NAME David Pearce

ADDRESS

STREET
7 Lower Rock Gardens

  CITY Brighton

  STATE East Sussex

  PCODE BN2 1PG

  COUNTRY GB

  PHONE +44.1273699055

  EMAIL [email protected]

ADMIN

  HANDLE C76272418-LROR

  NAME David Pearce

ADDRESS

STREET
7 Lower Rock Gardens

  CITY Brighton

  STATE East Sussex

  PCODE BN2 1PG

  COUNTRY GB

  PHONE +44.1273699055

  EMAIL [email protected]

TECH

  HANDLE C76272416-LROR

  NAME David Pearce

ADDRESS

STREET
7 Lower Rock Gardens

  CITY Brighton

  STATE East Sussex

  PCODE BN2 1PG

  COUNTRY GB

  PHONE +44.1273699055

  EMAIL [email protected]

  REGISTERED yes

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